Early history 
The capital Vilnius is one of Lithuania’s oldest cities, and the area is believed to have been inhabited since at least the early Middle Ages; Excavations, however, have shown traces of settlements in the area, dating back to around the year 100.

Vilnius is first mentioned by Duke Gediminas in 1323, which is considered the city’s foundation, and from that time the settlement on the banks of the Neris River developed.

The capital of the area was before Gediminas Kernave northwest of Vilnius, but when the duke, during a hunt, found Trakai’s beautiful lake area, he built a castle and moved the capital to it. According to legend, he had to spend another night at Vilnius’ current location, where he had a dream of once again founding the new capital at this particular place, what he did with the construction of two castles.

After its founding in 1323, just two years later, Gediminas wrote to Germans and Jews in the Hanseatic cities along the Baltic Sea that everyone was welcome in his town to settle down to trade and craft. However, it was not until later in the 1300s that foreign merchants and craftsmen moved in earnest.

The year 1387 became an important year for Vilnius and Lithuania. The country was christened as the last pagan land in Europe by Władysław II Jagiełło, the Lithuanian Grand Duke and Polish King. In the same year the construction of Vilnius’ cathedral began, and the city was also granted commercial property rights in precisely 1387; however, these only applied in the part of the city where the Catholic bishop was leader.

Vilnius evolves
The ancient Vilnius developed over the centuries, and the more than 1,200 preserved historic buildings are one of the largest numbers in Eastern and Central Europe. Urban planning adapted to nature with the river and the hilly area.

Many cultures flowed to Vilnius, known for its tolerance of religion. Over time, among other things, Baroque-style Orthodox and Catholic churches have been erected and Renaissance-style synagogues. Already from the end of the 1300s and through the 1400s there was a lot of construction activity, and after inspiration from other European cities, Vilnius’ craftsmen joined in low during this period.

The diversity of cultures was reflected in the architecture, which you can still see in the richly ornamented buildings in the city. Vilnius’ population groups also established themselves in separate neighborhoods; the Orthodox Christians lived to the east, while Germans and Jews lived to the west. Increasingly, Poles also came to the city.

The city of hope
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Crimean Tatars posed a threat to Vilnius, and between 1503 and 1522 the city was expanded with fortress walls, which had three defense towers and nine city gates.

Vilnius reached a peak in 1544, when Sigismund II August, as Lithuanian Grand Duke and Polish King, moved the court to Vilnius. Sigismund stayed extensively in Vilnius, which strengthened the city’s growth and political status.

With the court in Vilnius, more Poles continued to come to Vilnius, and over time a significant Polish influence on life and the country happened. This development had just started with the arrival of Polish clergy in the late 1300s, but through the 16th century the development took off.

In terms of construction, it was the period after the Gothic period, and through the 16th century a number of Renaissance buildings were erected before Vilnius’ special Baroque style broke through in many church and mansion buildings.

The Polish-Lithuanian Realunion
With the Lublin Union in 1569, Poland and Lithuania transitioned from having a personal union to forming a real union. In the first half of the 16th century, Lithuania had a territory that stretched from the Baltic to the Ottoman Empire a little south of Kiev, but by the 1560s a large part had passed to the Polish crown. With the union, Vilnius and Krakow became the main cities until 1793, when Warsaw achieved this status until the union’s final in 1795.

The first time in the real union was a period of great flourishing for Vilnius. In 1579, the Lithuanian Grand Duke and the Polish King founded a university in the city, which became the leading educational and research site in the region. The city’s social and cultural life shone and the city received many new migrants.

In 1610, Vilnius was ravaged by a major fire and some reconstruction was to be completed. In 1655, Russian forces conquered Vilnius during the Russian-Polish War, which took place in the years 1654-1667. During the war and fighting in Vilnius, part of the city was destroyed, and the result of the whole war was in the long run that Russia conquered lands to the west and thereby to the Polish-Lithuanian territory. On that occasion, Vilnius’ growth was halted for a time.

Part of the Empire
Throughout the latter half of the 18th century, classicism dominated the architecture of Vilnius. That and much else was changed in the 1790s, when Warsaw first became the capital in 1793, and in 1795 Poland-Lithuania was dissolved.

Through the so-called third division of Poland-Lithuania, Vilnius and Lithuania became part of the tsar’s Russia, and it became infected in many areas; obviously political, but also cultural and architectural. During the Russian era, part of the city’s many churches and monasteries were closed down and Byzantine-style churches were erected instead.

Vilnius again became the capital; this time in the Russian government in Lithuania. A few years later, the city walls were demolished to allow the city to grow again. The Czar allowed the Polish university to reopen in 1803, and there was again some development in the city.

Vilnius developed industrially through the 19th century, and this happened not least after the opening of the rail link from Saint Petersburg to Warsaw in 1860. The route passed through Vilnius, which led to increased traffic and trade.

In the 19th century, the Lithuanian desire for independence grew, and several Lithuanian institutions eventually emerged. These included the Vilniaus žinios newspaper, which was published in 1904 following the lifting of a ban on Lithuanian press in Latin letters.

World War and Independence
During World War I, Vilnius was occupied by German troops for over three years before the country declared its independence on February 16, 1918. However, the fighting was not over at that time. The German troops withdrew on January 1, 1919, leaving the city to a Polish garrison.

Four days later, the Bolsheviks invaded Vilnius, and they declared the city the capital of the Lithuanian-Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic. Later, both Poland and the Soviet Union regained Vilnius. On July 12, 1920, a peace treaty between the Soviet Union and Lithuania was signed and Lithuania gained recognition as an independent country. However, while the rest of Lithuania became independent, Vilnius became part of Poland. Kaunas became the capital of Lithuania, while Vilnius became the seat of a regional Polish government.

Between 1920 and 1939, Poles made up about 65% of Vilnius’s population, while the Jewish share was 28%. There were only about 1% Lithuanians left in the city.

During the Polish era, Vilnius underwent some development. Factories were built and a new trade fair saw the light of day in 1928. A modern department store was opened for consumers and the university in the city was re-created.

In 1939, World War II broke out, and with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Vilnius region became a Soviet sphere of interest. The Red Army quickly overcame the Polish defense of Vilnius in September 1939, and the city was subjugated to the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic.

The Soviet Union had occupied Vilnius, but in October a Lithuanian delegation flew to Moscow for a dialogue and the area. An agreement was reached between the Soviet leadership and Lithuania, which returned Vilnius to independent Lithuania.

With almost 200,000 inhabitants in the 1930s, Vilnius had been one of Poland’s largest cities, but after 1939 the population of the population changed. Tens of thousands of Lithuanians were moved to the city, where it was actively sought to dispose of all Polish and, in part, also Jewish in favor of Lithuanian. Among other things, Poles in the city were formally made foreigners.

In 1940, Vilnius, along with the rest of Lithuania, became the Lithuanian Soviet Republic with the capital of precisely Vilnius. The following year, the city and the country were occupied by German troops, and Germany created Jewish ghettos in the city. The German occupation lasted until July 1944, when advancing Soviet troops liberated the country and Vilnius, which in turn became the capital of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic.

1945 to the present
After the end of World War II, a massive urbanization occurred in the 1960s-1980s, resulting in large-scale newly built suburbs. Culturally, Vilnius flourished, the university was renovated and major city-building projects included the city’s opera and TV tower.

In Vilnius there were demonstrations in the streets in the late 1980s. The protesters wanted Lithuanian independence from the Soviet Union, and on March 11, 1990, the country’s parliament declared Lithuania independent.

On January 13, fighting between Lithuanians and the Soviet military moved into Vilnius. In August of that year, the Soviet Union recognized Lithuania’s independence and Vilnius remained the capital.

In 2004, Lithuania became a member of the European Union and its capital has undergone major changes since the 1990s. Today, Vilnius stands beautifully renovated and inviting for tourists who want to discover the beautiful old town that stretches through a long time of the history of the Lithuanian capital.